APPENDIX V

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Appendix IV: Citation/Referencing of Sources:

Reference:

The Islamic University in Uganda prefers footnotes to endnotes or any other method of citation of sources for all Arts dissertations following the Turabian manual. As for Social Sciences the American Psychological Association, (APA), manual is preferred to all others, while for the Natural and Physical Sciences the Chicago Manual is preferred as indicated below.

1. Citation/Bibliography for Arts

In the Turabian Manual, bibliography style is used widely in literature, history, and the arts. Here, this style presents bibliographic information in footnotes and a bibliography at the end of the document.

The bibliography may incorporate sources which may have been read by the authors as background but not referred to or included in the body of the Dissertation/Thesis.

Note:

1. The first time a work is noted, full details should be given. Subsequent notes to the same work can use a shortened form of entry. Turabian's Manual recommends that notes and bibliographies be single-spaced with one blank line between entries. The first line of a note is indented with succeeding lines on the left margin, while in the Bibliography the reverse is true.




2. In the note the authors name will appear in the usual order, in the bibliography it will be given with the last name first.




3. Authors are listed with the last name first, followed by a period and then the title of the cited work, which is also followed by a period, then the place of publication follwed by a colon, and then the publisher followed by a comma and lastly the date of publication.




4. Notes are in a smaller typeface than the research paper. Font size 10 to be used with single spacing within notes (font 14 for Arabic texts).




5. All footnotes are to be arranged in numerical order at the foot of the page. A footnote must begin at the bottom of the page on which it is referenced though it may extend to the bottom of the next page if it is too long. Footnotes shall be written according to chapters; meaning that each chapter shall begin with footnote 1.




6. Use Ibid: To show you are citing from the same source as the previous reference. If you are citing from a different page in the same source, add a page number: e.g, Ibid., 68.

7. If you repeat a reference after using one or more other references, use an abbreviated form: e.g. Habib, Literary Criticism, 201




8. Books written by the same author may be arranged by date or according to alphabetical order.




9. When recording articles from journals or periodicals the pages of the articles must be indicated. When citing multi-voluminous works authored by the same person, the volume must be indicated, and when citing multi-voluminous works by different authors such as Encyclopaedia, the volume along with the pages must be indicated. If a work does not have an author, start the citation with the work’s title.




10. Spelling: In giving titles of published works in-text notes or bibliography, the spelling of the original should be retained. For capitalization the Headline Style/Title Format is to be followed. In the titles of works in English, either books or articles, the Headline Style/Title Format is used for all words except articles, prepositions and coordinate conjunctions: e.g.

1. Economic Effects of War upon Women and Children
2. Islam and Human Rights: A Critique of Contemporary Muslim Approaches



Note that the subtitle, following a colon, is capitalized the same way as the main title.

In titles of French, Italian, Spanish and German works, capitalize only what should be capitalized. e.g.

Dictionnaire illustre de la mythologie et des antiquites grecques et romaines

Historia de la Orden de San Geronimo

In Arabic titles written in Latin text, all words with the exception of definite articles and prepositions should be Title format and written in the Times New Arabic font.

Below are some common examples of materials accordint to the Turabian mannual. Each example is given first as a citation footnote(N) and then as a bibliographic entry (B).

1. Books.
   1. One author: For citation of a book, the first full reference should include the following information in the order shown: name(s) of author(s); title and if any, subtitle (in italics); name of editor, compiler or translator if any; (place of publication, name of publishing agency; date of publication(in parentheses)), and page number(s) of the specific citation. e.g.:
   
   

   N: M. A. R. Habib, A History of Literary Criticism and Theory: From Plato to the Present (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008), 201.

   
   

   B: Habib, M. A. R. A History of Literary Criticism and Theory: From Plato to the Present. Malden MA: Blackwell, 2008.

   
   
   2. . Two authors: all names of the authors are given, eg:

      N: Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 104–7.

      
      

      B: Cowlishaw Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

      
      
   3. Three authors and more. Only the first author given on the title page should be cited, and should be followed with “et al.” No comma should come between the author’s name and et al.; and a period always follows the “al.” e.g.

      N: Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 262.

      
      

      B: Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

   
   
2. Journal articles and periodicals.
   1. Article in a print journal

      The first full citation to an article in a journal or periodical includes the following and in the order shown: name of author(s); title of the article; name of periodical or journal, volume number or issue; publication date (if any) in parentheses; and page number.

      
      

      References to periodicals and journals omit publishers and place of publication. The title of the article is written between quotation marks and is not italicized. Instead the title of the journal or periodical is italicized. E.g.

      
      

      N: John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393 (1998): 639.

      B: Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639.

      
      
   2. Article in an online journal.

      N: Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, ed. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, in the Perseus Digital Library, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/(accessed November 17, 2005).

      
      

      B: Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ (accessed November 17, 2005).

      
      
   3. Popular magazine article. Magazines of general interest even if they may have volume numbers are to be identified by date alone. E.g.
   
   

   N: Steve Martin, “Sports-Interview Shocker,” New Yorker, May 6, 2002, 84. B: Martin, Steve. “Sports-Interview Shocker.” New Yorker, May 6, 2002.

   
   
   4. Newspaper article

   N. Munini K. Mulera, “FDC's Quick Sand of Regional Balancing,” Daily Monitor, March 7, 2011, Comments section.